Catalogue

Physics

physics.bard.edu

Faculty

Hal Haggard (director), Paul Cadden-Zimansky, John Cullinan*, Matthew Deady**, Gidon Eshel*, Antonios Kontos, Christopher LaFratta*, Simeen Sattar*, Shuo Zhang
* affiliated faculty | ** emeritus faculty

Overview

The Physics Program provides a firm foundation for work in a variety of areas, including graduate work in physics and allied fields. A student usually takes the core courses listed below, although in some cases the student and faculty may decide that not all the courses are appropriate because of advanced preparation or the particular focus of the student’s work. The student also chooses a number of electives according to personal interests. Students are expected to follow the standard divisional procedure for Moderation and to fulfill the college-wide distribution and First-Year Seminar requirements.

Requirements

Prior to Moderation, a student has usually completed Physics 141 and 142, Introduction to Physics I and II; Mathematics 141 and 142, Calculus I and II; and Physics 241, Modern Physics. Majors are required to complete the courses listed above plus Physics 221 and 222, Mathematical Methods of Physics I and II; Physics 303, Mechanics; Physics 312, Electricity and Magnetism; Physics 314, Thermal Physics; Physics 321, Quantum Mechanics; and the Senior Project.

Recent Senior Projects in Physics 

• “Electrochemical Modulation of Bacterial Biofilm Formation” 
• “The Invisible Sun: Building a Radio Interferometer Telescope” 
• “Practice-Room Acoustics: What Matters to Musicians about the Practice Space”
•  “What Causes Black Holes to Spin?”

Courses

In addition to the core required courses, electives include courses or tutorials in laboratory (Optics, Introduction to Electronics) or theoretical (General Relativity, Condensed Matter Physics) subjects, and other advanced studies.

The following descriptions represent a sampling of courses from the past four years.

Acoustics
Physics 116
An introduction to the phenomena of acoustics, particularly aspects that are important in the production and perception of music. The physics of sound is covered in depth, and characteristics of acoustic and electronic instruments are discussed. Mathe­matical and laboratory techniques are ­introduced as needed.

Global Energy
Physics 120
CROSS-LISTED: ARCHITECTURE, EUS
A laboratory-based course designed to introduce nonscience majors to different types of energy (mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear); the methods by which modern societies produce, transmit, and convert between these types; how different demand sectors (electricity, heating, transportation) shape our energy production infrastructure; the promises of future energy technology and the insurmountable physical constraints on them; and the environmental and economic costs associated with different types of energy production.

Climate Change
Physics 124
CROSS-LISTED: EUS
This lab course explores the physical principles underlying climate and anthropogenic climate change. It surveys the most compelling lines of evidence for climate change and studies current observations in the broader context of past climates. Policy mitigation efforts and obstacles to their implementation are also discussed. While not technical per se, the course requires that students have the ability to solve linear algebraic equations and perform basic manipulation of data.

Time Examined: Its Physical Nature and Measurement
Physics 125
CROSS-LISTED: EUS
St. Augustine famously proclaimed “What, then, is time? If no one asks of me, I know; if I wish to explain to him who asks, I know not.” Fifteen hundred years later, Einstein revolutionized physics by recognizing that time is malleable: he showed that simultaneity depends on how you are moving, and that clocks in motion or acted on by gravity measure time differently. This course examines the evolving understanding of the nature of time. Prerequisite: passing score on Part I of the Mathematics Diagnostic.

Astronomy
Physics 126
Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered what you were seeing? Astronomy, one of the oldest of the natural sciences, studies planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe as a whole, from its earliest time to the present day. Topics discussed include the solar system, history of astronomy, telescopes, the sun, galaxies, and cosmology. Prerequisite: passing score on Part I of the Mathematics Diagnostic.

Introduction to Physics I 
Physics 141
A calculus-based survey of physics. The first semester covers topics in mechanics, heat and thermodynamics, and wave motion. The course stresses ideas—the unifying principles and characteristic models of physics. Labs develop the critical ability to elicit understanding of the physical world. Corequisite: Mathematics 141.

Introduction to Physics II
Physics 142
This is the second part of a calculus-based survey course, continuing with electricity and magnetism, light, and basic atomic and modern physics.

Introduction to Electronics
Physics 210
An introduction to the construction and understanding of the analog and digital electronics that factor into almost every piece of modern technology. Beginning with analog components such as voltage dividers, filters, rectifiers, and transistors, the class uses these building blocks to create and understand amplifiers, oscillators, and integrated circuits, before concluding the course with an exploration of logic circuits and computational architecture. Enrollment by permission of the instructor.

Mathematical Methods of Physics I
Physics 221
This course presents methods of mathematics that are useful in the physical sciences. While some proofs and demonstrations are given, the emphasis is on the applications. Topics include: power series, probability and statistics, multivariable differentiation and integration, and curvilinear coordinate systems. Prerequisites: Mathematics 141 and 142, or the equivalent.

Mathematical Methods of Physics II
Physics 222
This is the second part of a two-part introduction to mathematical topics and techniques that are commonly encountered in the physical sciences, including complex numbers and analytic functions, Fourier series and orthogonal functions, standard types of partial differential equations, and special functions. Prerequisites: Mathematics 141 and 142, or the equivalent.

Modern Physics
Physics 241
An extension of introductory physics that concentrates on developments stemming from the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. While a major focus is on understanding classical and quantum waves, discussions also include particle physics, nuclear physics, optical and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, astronomy, and cosmology. Prerequisites: Physics 141 and 142; Mathematics 141 and 142.

Mechanics
Physics 303
This course in particle kinematics and dynamics in one, two, and three dimensions covers conservation laws, coordinate transformations, and problem-solving techniques in differential equations, vector calculus, and linear algebra. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations are also studied. Prerequisites: Physics 141 and 142; Mathematics 141 and 142.

Electricity and Magnetism
Physics 312
Topics covered include electrostatics, conductors, and dielectrics; Laplace’s equation and characteristic fields; magnetostatics, magnetodynamics, and the magnetic properties of matter; flow of charge and circuit theory; and Maxwell’s equa­tions and the energy-momentum transfer of electromagnetic radiation. Prerequisites: Physics 141 and 142 and Mathematics 213.

Thermal Physics
Physics 314
This course studies the thermal behavior of physical systems, employing thermodynamics, kinetic theory, and statistical mechanics. Thermodynamical topics include equations of state, energy and entropy, and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Both classical and quantum statistical mechanics are covered, including distribution ­functions, partition functions, and the quantum statistics of Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein systems. Applications include atoms, molecules, gases, ­liquids, solids, and phase transitions. Prerequisites: Physics 141-142; Mathematics 141-142.

Quantum Mechanics
Physics 321
Quantum mechanics is our most successful scientific theory: spectacularly tested, technologically paramount, conceptually revolutionary. This course provides a comprehensive introduction to this remarkable theory, from its simplest case, the so-called qubit, to phenomena including contextuality, entanglement, and nonlocality. Applications and topics such as decoherence and quantum computation are also discussed. Prerequisites: Physics 241 and Mathematics 213.

General Relativity
Physics 327
An introduction to Einstein’s theory of gravity. Beginning with a discussion of special relativity, this course teaches the mathematics of differential geometry in order to describe the formulation of gravity as the curvature of space and time. Experimental verifications of the theory, such as the variability of the rate of the flow of time with height and the bending of starlight, are also discussed. Applications covered may include calibration of the Global Positioning System (GPS), black holes, cosmology, and gravitational waves. Prerequsite: Physics 241, Physics 303, or Mathematics 241, or permission of the instructor.