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Pavlina Tcherneva Discusses Budget Deficit and Government Financing
Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva recently spoke on WAMC’s Roundtable and Marketplace.
Pavlina Tcherneva Discusses Budget Deficit and Government Financing
Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva joined WAMC’s Roundtable to discuss the debt ceiling, how the US government spends, and repercussions from potential disruptions to the payments system. She emphasized how Covid relief payments clearly demonstrated that the government does not depend on borrowing or wealthy taxpayers to fund its expenditures but can self-finance. Elon Musk's discovery of so-called “magic money computers” betrays ignorance about the architecture of our federal financial system. Government payments are typically made via electronic means by issuing electronic payments on as-needed basis. As a practical matter, it is virtually impossible for the government to run out of cash. Slash-and-burn policies to cut federal spending are politically motivated and not about US government solvency.On Marketplace, Tcherneva noted that while small businesses make up a small share of total employment their behavior is a “bellwether for overall trends in the economy”—and small business hiring slowed down in February’s Job Openings and Labor Market Survey.
Post Date: 04-08-2025
Pocketbook Issues Such as Raising Minimum Wages, Paid Leave, and Protecting Public Education Could Sway the American Electorate, New Levy Economics Institute Report Says
"Americans are far more progressive than either party gives them credit for. Whatever path forward Democrats choose, winning back the working class would be a long process without a big and bold vision,” says coauthor Pavlina R. Tcherneva.
Pocketbook Issues Such as Raising Minimum Wages, Paid Leave, and Protecting Public Education Could Sway the American Electorate, New Levy Economics Institute Report Says
Long-Term Voting Trends Show Democrats Losing Working Class Support Due to Absence of Clear Vision for Popular Progressive Economic Policies
The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College has published a policy brief outlining economic policies that improve the lives of working-class families and could sway the American electorate. That “Vision Thing”: Formulating a Winning Policy Agenda, Levy Public Policy Brief No. 158, coauthored by Levy Economics Institute President Pavlina R. Tcherneva and Senior Scholar L. Randall Wray, analyzes the shifting allegiances of American voters over the decades as the Democratic Party lost the support of its traditional base—blue-collar and rural counties—and came to be seen as the party of the educated elite, socially liberal, and relatively economically secure.
“Trump was the beneficiary of a long-term retreat of working-class voters from the Democratic Party. But becoming the party of the economically secure in a world of runaway inequality, rising precarity, and widespread frustration with many aspects of the economy does not and will not win elections. Still, as we show in this report, Americans are far more progressive than either party gives them credit for. Whatever path forward Democrats choose, winning back the working class would be a long process without a big and bold vision,” says Tcherneva.
For the first time since 1960, Democrats earned a greater margin of support among the richest third of American voters in 2024 than they did among the poorest or middle third. Meanwhile, Trump gained more vote share in counties rated as distressed—and gained less in prosperous counties—despite those counties benefiting significantly and performing better economically under President Biden’s policies that boosted government assistance. In spite of the Democratic focus on inequality, the party fails to reach the financially disadvantaged (who are the true swing voters) with their message, the report asserts.
“Democrats had neither delivered on nor even highlighted the changes that many voters wanted: policies that would provide economic benefits. They were tired of inflation that reduced purchasing power, wages that remained too low (even in supposedly good labor markets) to support their families, and many other issues related to economic precarity, including the costs of healthcare, prescription drugs, childcare and—for a significant portion—college,” write Tcherneva and Wray.
Assessing ballot measures and polling data, the Levy report identifies worker-friendly policies that would improve the wellbeing of the American working class and win elections. “Americans seem to apply two litmus tests to any proposed policy: (1) how will it impact American jobs and (2) how will it impact American paychecks,” they find. “If tariffs are expected to protect jobs, voters are behind them. If they hurt their paychecks, even conservative-leaning voters are strongly against them.”
Ballot measures indicate voters are more progressive than either party recognizes. Winning policies include: raising minimum wages, lowering taxes on earned income and social security (or eliminating them altogether for tips), making healthcare and education more affordable, protecting funding for public schools, increasing Pell grants, reducing the costs of higher education, and implementing paid sick and family leaves. Importantly, whenever asked, Americans strongly support federal programs of direct employment and on-the-job training—in the form of a federal job guarantee or national service for youths in jobs that support the community and the environment. They also care about rebuilding public infrastructure and investing in arts and culture.
Moreover, voters want policies that protect them from price increases, corporate greed, predatory interest rates, and hidden fees. They support more progressivity in the tax system and fewer tax loopholes for billionaires. They are tired of the dominance of billionaires in lobbying by special interests and campaign finance.
“Employment security, economic mobility, community rehabilitation, and environmental sustainability are winning messages. But they are especially powerful when anchored in concrete policies that directly deliver what they promise—good jobs, good pay, decent benefits, affordable health, education, food, and a peace of mind that Americans can care for loved ones without the threat of unemployment or price shocks or the loss of essential benefits,” the report concludes.
Post Date: 03-10-2025
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Pavlina Tcherneva Joins WAMC’s Roundtable Panel on the State of the US Economy and How it Impacts Voters
Pavlina Tcherneva Joins WAMC’s Roundtable Panel on the State of the US Economy and How it Impacts Voters
Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva joined a panel of economists on WAMC’s Roundtable to discuss the economic issues that matter to voters and how each of the two presidential candidates’ policy proposals address them. “If you compare the two proposals, it’s very clear where they are directed. Trump’s proposals tend to favor corporations, high income earners, and they deal with a lot of dismantling of public institutions. ‘Defund, deport, deregulate, destroy.’ His message plays on economic fears and anxieties,” said Tcherneva. “In terms of the direction of her policies, Kamala Harris looks like she is trying to address housing issues, food prices, and drug prices but we don’t have concrete details yet.” Tcherneva also points to how deficit rhetoric is weaponized during election cycles as a tactic to scare people.
Post Date: 09-26-2024
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Business Insider Interviews Bard Economist Pavlina Tcherneva about the Job Guarantee
Business Insider Interviews Bard Economist Pavlina Tcherneva about the Job Guarantee
Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva spoke to Business Insider about Universal Basic Employment (UBE), which is a job guarantee policy. Many countries around the globe have tested out UBE programs, but support for the policy has yet to catch on in America. “A job guarantee is really a public option for jobs. It’s a basic job that is provided irrespective of what the state of the economy is,” said Tcherneva, who is the author of The Case for a Job Guarantee (Polity 2020). “We can implement it now when the economy is in a relatively calm state and then be ready when business conditions slow down and people are laid off.” Although logistically more complicated to implement than universal basic income programs, UBE has long-lasting economic benefits, argues Tcherneva. UBE would fight inflation by establishing a minimum livable wage without increasing prices elsewhere, prevent labor shortages by supplying a willing and ready workforce, and mitigate sudden financial hardship. She believes UBE is on par with Social Security as a means to shore up economic stability and that pilot programs are unnecessary. “We didn't really pilot public education to figure out whether we wanted it,” Tcherneva said. The first American UBE pilot program will launch in Cleveland in 2026. Advocates see the potential to win more bipartisan support for UBE over simply giving people checks through universal basic income.Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva.
Post Date: 08-20-2024
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Pavlina Tcherneva Discusses the Recent Stock Market Sell-Off on Background Briefing with Ian Masters
Pavlina Tcherneva Discusses the Recent Stock Market Sell-Off on Background Briefing with Ian Masters
Bard Professor of Economics and President of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva spoke with journalist Ian Masters about Monday’s panic on Wall Street and fears that it may presage a recession. “I’m not exactly sure if it’s a panic, or an opportunity to liquidate some positions,” said Tcherneva. “The real question for us is, would that then ripple through the rest of the economy? At this moment, I’m not detecting unsustainable processes in financial markets to cause the kind of effects on the real economy as we saw in 2008.” Tcherneva, who watches the data on labor markets and public investments very closely, believes that the US labor market still has significant room to grow, pointing out that we have yet to recover our employment-to-population ratio or labor force participation rate to pre-COVID levels. She believes the government needs to keep investing in the economy to sustain the recovery. “We set the economy on a really strong growth path in the last four years . . . If we pull out too quickly, if we allow an administration to impose drastic cuts to these public programs, this is where I think we can be certain that a recession will come.”Trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange. Photo by Scott Beale CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Post Date: 08-06-2024
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The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Welcomes Pavlina R. Tcherneva as New President
The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Welcomes Pavlina R. Tcherneva as New President
The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College has appointed Pavlina R. Tcherneva as its next president, succeeding Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, who has held the role since its founding in 1986.Pavlina R. Tcherneva, president of the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.
“After 38 years as president of the Levy Institute, the time has come to pass the baton to the new generation,” Papadimitriou announced. “I can think of no one better than Pavlina to lead the Levy Institute into its next phase of development in exploring solutions to the economic challenges that lie ahead.” Papadimitriou will remain at the Institute as president emeritus and senior scholar.
Tcherneva, who first joined the Levy Institute in 1997 as a forecasting fellow, has been a scholar at the Institute since 2007, specializing in modern money and public policy. She is a professor of economics at Bard College and founding director of the Bard-OSUN Economic Democracy Initiative. Her book The Case for a Job Guarantee (Polity 2020), one of the Financial Times economics books of 2020 and published in nine languages, is a timely guide to the benefits of one of the most transformative public policies being discussed today.
“I am honored and energized to take this new role and am grateful to Dimitri Papadimitriou for building a world-class institution that has influenced economic policy in the US and abroad. I am especially excited to support the work of my colleagues whose research has placed the Levy Institute among the most-cited non-profits in the world,” stated Tcherneva. “My mission is clear: to continue to curate cutting-edge research, grow our graduate programs, and amplify the Institute's impact on policy. We have produced some of the most influential work on financial instability, money, inequality, gender, and employment policy and we will continue to make these impacts and expand the Institute's reach.”
She added, “Our work matters. Financial markets crash. Mainstream theories fail. At the Levy Economics Institute, we will continue to do what we do best: make sense of the senseless, find patterns in the chaos of global economics, and produce actionable policies for a safe, sustainable, and stable economy.”
Since 1986, the Levy Institute and its scholars have reinvigorated heterodox economics, with contributions to macroeconomic theory, modeling, and policy targeting financial and economic stability for the US economy and the rest of the world. The Levy Institute has also developed a distinct research program on the distribution of income and wealth featuring two measures of economic well-being (LIMEW) and time and income poverty (LIMTIP) that will help shift official measures of living standards in the years ahead; is one of few institutions with a focus on gender equality and the economy; and has graduated scholars from its MA and MS degree programs in Economic Theory and Policy, who go on to play significant roles in economic think tanks, international organizations, governments, and the world of finance.
Post Date: 07-09-2024
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Bard Economist Pavlina Tcherneva’s Work on the Job Guarantee Becomes Focus of US National High School Debate Topic
Bard Economist Pavlina Tcherneva’s Work on the Job Guarantee Becomes Focus of US National High School Debate Topic
Thousands of high school students across the United States have been studying the work of Bard Professor of Economics and Research Scholar of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva in preparation for their national debate tournaments. The official resolution for the 2023–24 High School Policy Debate Topic reads: “The United States federal government should substantially increase fiscal redistribution in the United States by adopting a federal jobs guarantee, expanding Social Security, and/or providing a basic income.” Tcherneva’s book The Case for a Job Guarantee was included in the compilation of research, which the Library of Congress prepares each year, pertinent to the annually selected national debate topic. As this year’s debate season progressed, the federal jobs guarantee policy has emerged as the overwhelming favorite policy for student debate teams on the affirmative. As a result, there are at least a few thousand students across the United States who have gotten very well acquainted with Tcherneva’s work over the past three months.Bard Professor of Economics and Research Scholar of the Levy Economics Institute Pavlina Tcherneva.
According to Chris Gentry, program manager of the Policy Debate League for Chicago Public Schools, “Almost every affirmative team across the country is running a jobs guarantee case, and to do so they are pulling heavily on Tcherneva’s publications.” During one weekend tournament, Gentry realized that essentially every debate relied on Tcherneva’s work. In just one round that he was judging, 10 different articles or books that she wrote had been quoted. “At least twice this last weekend, I heard ‘well that’s not what Tcherneva is trying to get at here,’” he added. Another high school debate coach in Los Angeles confirmed that Tcherneva has likely been the most cited author in high school debate this year, and as a result the student debaters are quite familiar with her work.
“Personally, I can’t think of a greater impact of my work than seeing young people engage with it, study it, and defend its principles,” says Tcherneva. After meeting with a group of high school student debaters this month, she adds, "The questions the students asked about the job guarantee were probing, well-informed, thoughtful, and inspired—with a keen focus on social justice. I hope that some of them will become policy makers.”
Inspired by this nationwide student engagement, Tcherneva has also opened up spots in her summer workshop “Public Finance and Economic Policy” to select high-school debate students interested in going deeper into Modern Monetary Theory and the job guarantee. Organized and hosted by Bard College and the OSUN Economic Democracy Initiative (EDI), this five-day workshop taking place online June 17–21 is for undergraduate students interested in public policy to tackle economic instability and insecurity, and in understanding the financing capacity and policy space available to governments to pursue these aims. Applications from high school debate students will be reviewed in April and early May. Students can apply here.
Tcherneva also recently developed a resource tool jobguarantee.org, created and maintained by Bard College students and alumni, with the support of OSUN, for anyone interested in learning more about the job guarantee policy innovation.
Centered on the well-being of some of the most vulnerable parts of the US population, the 2023–24 national debate topic of “Economic Inequality” prevailed over “Climate Change” and represents a pressing issue at the forefront of our collective societal consciousness.
Post Date: 04-03-2024
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Psychologist Sarah Dunphy-Lelii Considers the Politics of Sudden Power Transfer Among Chimpanzees
Psychologist Sarah Dunphy-Lelii Considers the Politics of Sudden Power Transfer Among Chimpanzees
In “The Chimpanzee Wars,” a recent post to Wild Cousins, her Psychology Today UK blog, Associate Professor of Psychology Sarah Dunphy-Lelii engages in a thought experiment about how the state of knowing and of understanding of who knows and who doesn’t know could potentially impact the politics of power transfer within dominance hierarchies of chimpanzees.Sarah Dunphy-Lelii.
Among more than 200 Ngogo chimpanzees living in Kibale National Park, Uganda, one undisputed alpha named Jackson ruled for years until internal conflicts split the largest known chimpanzee community into two warring factions—Westerners and Centrallers. After Jackson is killed from injuries sustained in a battle, no younger alpha males step up to seize leadership of the Centrallers. A likely explanation, according to researchers, is that they didn’t know Jackson was dead. Only one Centraller, a potential alpha named Peterson, witnessed his death, and none found his body. Theoretically, Peterson could have used this position to his advantage. “Chimpanzees are socially sophisticated. Their dominance hierarchies are not based solely on physical strength. What we might call politics—the accumulation of social capital through strategic alliances over time—play a significant role in the rise to leadership. Under conditions like this one, between the Westerners and the Centrallers, insight into others’ states of knowledge could be decisive,” writes Dunphy-Lelii. She notes, however, that evidence to date suggests chimps, like Peterson, are not using this information the way humans would.
Post Date: 05-02-2023
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Brooke Jude, Associate Professor of Biology
Office: Reem-Kayden Center, 210
Email:
Phone: 845-752-2337
Website: https://www.judelab.com
Biography: expand/collapseBrooke Jude is a molecular microbiologist who studies isolates of microorganisms cultivated from aquatic sources worldwide. Her work is currently focused on isolating and identifying beneficial violacein producing bacterial strains. She uses classic microbiological techniques for isolation, culture and characterization, and identifies organisms via modern sequence analysis. Investigations within the lab also include motility and biofilm assays, violacein analysis, whole genome sequencing and assembly, and investigation into bacterial behavior within microbial communities.
BA, Colby College; PhD, Dartmouth College. At Bard since 2009.
Craig Jude, Associate Registrar, Assistant Men's & Women's Track and Field Coach
Office: Ludlow, 200
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7459
Website: https://www.bard.edu/registrar/
Jeffrey Jurgens, Continuing Associate Professor of Anthropology; Faculty Adviser to the Bachelor's Degree Program, Bard Prison Initiative
Department(s): Bard Prison Initiative, Hannah Arendt Center
Office: Achebe House
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7308
Website: https://bpi.bard.edu/who-we-are/
Biography: expand/collapseJeffrey Jurgens' research and teaching interests focus on topics related to migration and displacement, citizenship, affect, public memory, religiosity and secularism, urban space, youth, and the cultural politics of college-in-prison. His early scholarship examined formations of diaspora and citizenship among people of Turkish backgrounds in Berlin since the 1960s. More recently, he has written about the impact of labor recruitment policies on German citizenship, the role of immigrants in public memories of German division, the significance of Islamic religious instruction in Turkish and German public schools, and the affective dimensions of the “refugee crisis” in Europe. His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, IIE Fulbright, Berlin Program for Advanced German and European Studies, National Humanities Center, and the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. In addition to his work in the undergraduate college, he teaches in the Bard Prison Initiative (BPI) and directs its bachelor’s degree program. Jeff also participates in the Liberal Arts Consortium on Forced Migration, Displacement, and Education, which aims in part to establish a curricular cluster in migration studies at Bard.
BA, Colorado College; MA, PhD, University of Michigan. At Bard since 2005.
Sucharita Kanjilal, Assistant Professor of Anthropology
Email:
Biography: expand/collapseSucharita Kanjilal’s research focuses on feminist theories of global capitalism, shifting regimes of social reproduction, critical food studies, and contemporary caste-class relations in South Asia. She draws connections between feminist economic anthropology, anthropology of media, gender studies, the anthropology of food, and anti-caste epistemologies. Her current book manuscript, titled Home Chefs: Indian Households Produce for the Global Creator Economy, is an ethnographic study of Indian food media producers engaged in global platform-based industries of online content creation. A former journalist from Mumbai, Kanjilal's work can be found in Feminist Media Studies, Gastronomica, the Routledge Companion to Caste and Cinema in India, Hindustan Times, Scroll.in, the News Minute, and the Heritage Radio Network and Eat This podcasts. She has received grants from the Wenner Gren Foundation, the Society for the Anthropology of Food and Nutrition, the UCLA Sambhi Foundation, as well as awards from the Association for the Study of Food and Society and the Robert B. Edgerton foundation. She teaches courses on the anthropology of food and recipes, feminist economic anthropology, comparative approaches to media, and ethnographies of South Asia, among others.
BA, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai; MA, SOAS University of London; PhD, University of California, Los Angeles. At Bard since 2023.
Felix Kaputu, Faculty in Literature & Social Studies
Department(s): Simon's Rock at Bard College
Office: Massena East Wing, 255a
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Erica Kaufman, Director of the Institute for Writing and Thinking; Writer in Residence
Department(s): Institute for Writing and Thinking
Office: Alumni/ae Center,
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7383
Biography: expand/collapseErica Kaufman, director of the Institute for Writing and Thinking, specializes in composition and rhetoric and contemporary American poetry. Her areas of interest include writing and literacy studies (first-year/core curriculum), feminist and LGBTQ+ poetics, history of American education, and digital pedagogies. She is the author of three books of poetry: POST CLASSIC (Roof Books, forthcoming 2019), INSTANT CLASSIC (Roof Books, 2013), and censory impulse (Factory School, 2009). She is coeditor of NO GENDER: Reflections on the Life and Work of kari edwards (Venn Diagram, 2009) and a collection of archival pedagogical documents, Adrienne Rich: Teaching at CUNY, 1968–1974 (Lost & Found: The CUNY Poetics Document Initiative, 2014). Among other places, Erica's scholarship has been included in New York School Collaborations: The Color of Vowels (ed. M. Silverberg, Palgrave MacMillan, 2013), Approaches to Teaching the Works of Gertrude Stein (eds. L. Esdale and D. Mix, MLA, 2018), and the forthcoming Reading Experimental Writing (ed. G. Colby, Edinburgh University Press). In collaboration with the Kelly Writers House at the University of Pennsylvania, Erica co-coordinates the Teacher Resource Center section of Modern and Contemporary American Poetry, a course offered each fall as a MOOC (massive online open course). BA, Douglass College, Rutgers University; MFA, The New School; PhD, CUNY Graduate Center.
Thomas Keenan, Professor of Comparative Literature; Director, Human Rights Program
Department(s): Human Rights Project
Office: Arendt Center, 202
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7086
Website: https://www.bard.edu/hrp
Biography: expand/collapseB.A., Amherst College; M. Phil., Ph.D., Yale University. Author, Fables of Responsibility (1997); Mengele's Skull (with Eyal Weizman, 2012); articles in PMLA, South Atlantic Quarterly, Grey Room, New York Times, Aperture, Cabinet. Coeditor, New Media, Old Media (with Wendy Chun, 2005; 2nd edition with Wendy Chun and Anna Fisher, 2015); The Human Snapshot (with Tirdad Zolghadr, 2013); and The Flood of Rights (with Suhail Malik and Tirdad Zolghadr, 2016). Editorial and advisory board member, Journal of Human Rights, Grey Room, Humanity, and Scholars at Risk Network. Curator, Antiphotojournalism (with Carles Guerra, 2010–11) and Aid and Abet (2011). At Bard since 1999.
Felicia Keesing, David and Rosalie Rose Distinguished Professor of Science, Mathematics, and Computing
Office: Reem-Kayden Center, 211
Email:
Phone: 845-752-2331
Website: https://www.feliciakeesing.com/
Biography: expand/collapseB.S., Stanford University; Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Grants: National Geographic Society, National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Environmental Protection Agency, among others. Awards include the United States Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (2000). Coeditor, Infectious Disease Ecology: Effects of Ecosystems on Disease and of Disease on Ecosystems (Princeton University Press, 2008). Articles include contributions to Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Ecology Letters, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Ecology, BioScience, Conservation Biology, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, and Canadian Journal of Zoology. At Bard since 2000.
James Keller, Director, The Learning Commons; Visiting Associate Professor of Academic Writing; Senior Faculty Associate, Institute for Writing and Thinking
Department(s): Learning Commons
Office: Hoffman, 97 South Hoffman
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7051
Website: https://www.bard.edu/learningcommons/
Biography: expand/collapseB.A., University of California, Berkeley; M.A., University of Montana; Ph.D., Stony Brook University, SUNY. Has taught and led workshops at Sullivan County Community College; Michigan State University; Stony Brook University; Bard’s Institute for Writing and Thinking (2005– ); and the Language and Thinking Program at Bard College (2001– ). Publications include Writing Plural Worlds in Contemporary U.S. Poetry: Innovative Identities (2009) and the following refereed articles and chapters: “Language as Visible Vapor: Skywriting through Lyn Hejinian’s Happily” in Poetry and Pedagogy: The Challenge of the Contemporary; and “Delmore Schwartz’s Strange Times,” in Reading the “Middle Generation” Anew: Culture, Community, and Form in Twentieth-Century American Poetry.
Robert Kelly, Asher B. Edelman Professor Emeritus of Literature
Office: Shafer House
Email:
Phone: 845-758-7205
Website: https://www.rk-ology.com
Biography: expand/collapseB.A., City College of New York; graduate work, Columbia University. Litt.D. (honorary), SUNY Oneonta. Awards: National Endowment for the Arts, CAPS, Los Angeles Times Prize for Poetry (1980), award from American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. Founding editor, Chelsea Review, Trobar, Matter. Contributing editor, Caterpillar, Sulfur, Alcheringa: Ethnopoetics, and Conjunctions. Major poetry books include The Common Shore, The Loom, Kill the Messenger, Not This Island Music, The Flowers of Unceasing Coincidence, A Strange Market, Red Actions, The Time of Voice, The Garden of Distances, Lapis, Runes, Threads, May Day. Fiction: A Transparent Tree, Doctor of Silence, Cat Scratch Fever, The Queen of Terrors, The Book from the Sky. Founding Director, Writing Program, Milton Avery Graduate School of the Arts (1980–93). At Bard since 1961.